Democratizing Innovation

EBook Description: Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users -- both individuals and firms -- often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all. The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products -- most notably in the free and open-source software movement -- but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among 'lead users,' who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive.

This document presents guidelines for an organized, disciplined approach to software development that is based on studies conducted by the Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL), an organization sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC) since 1976. It describes methods and practices for each phase of a software development life cycle that starts with requirements definition and ends with acceptance testing. For each defined life cycle phase, this document presents guidelines for the development process and its management, and for the products produced and their reviews. Since its formation, the SEL has collected data from more than 100 software development projects. Typical projects range in size from approximately 35,000 to 300,000 delivered source lines of code (SLOC) and require from 3 to 60 staff-years to produce.

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